Floods

Definition: An unusual accumulation of water above the ground caused by high tide, heavy rain, melting snow or rapid runoff from paved areas. (EEA)

Floods usually are local, short-lived events that can happen suddenly, sometimes with little or no warning. They usually are caused by intense storms that produce more runoff than an area can store or a stream can carry within its normal channel. Rivers can also flood when dams fail, when ice jams or landslides temporarily block a channel, or when snow melts rapidly. In a broader sense, normally dry lands can be flooded by high lake levels, by high tides, or by waves driven ashore by strong winds. Small streams, particularly in the Southwest, are subject to flash floods (very rapid increases in runoff), which may last from a few minutes to a few hours. On larger streams, floods usually last from several hours to a few days. A series of storms might keep a river above flood stage (the water level at which a river overflows its banks) for several weeks.

Floods can occur at any time, but weather patterns have a strong influence on when and where floods happen. Natural processes, such as hurricanes, weather systems, and snowmelt, can cause floods. Failure of levees and dams and inadequate drainage in urban areas can also result in flooding. On average, floods kill about 140 people each year and cause $6 billion in property damage.

Although loss of life to floods during the past half-century has declined, mostly because of improved warning systems, economic losses have continued to rise due to increased urbanization and coastal development.

Flood-control dams have been built on many streams and rivers to store storm runoff and reduce flooding downstream. Although the same volume of water must eventually move down the river, the peak flow (the largest rate of streamflow during a flood) can be reduced by temporarily storing water and releasing it when river levels have fallen. Levees are artificial river banks built to control the spread of flood waters and to limit the amount of land covered by floods. Levees provide protection from some floods but can be over-topped or eroded away by large floods.

	Background documents on floods
	conclusions-du-conseil-sur-la-gestion-integree-des-risques-d-inondation-au-sein Item only translated in French
	Associated Programme on Flood Management (APFM) newsletter No.23
	Early Warning Systems in the context of Disaster Risk Management
	Early warning systems
	Flash Foods in Egypt: Protection and Management
	Floods Directive viewer
	IDRC in Davos, special session on Flash Flood Forecasting and Management, a platform for the exchange of good practice
	Initial Workshop on Regional Flash Flood Guidance System – Black Sea and Middle East Regions, as Part of the Global Flash Flood Guidance System.
	PPRD South
	Palestine: Beit Lahia Waste Water Treatment Plant – Floods: Humanitarian Situation Report #1
	THE EU ‘‘FLOODS’’ DIRECTIVE: PILOT IMPLEMENTATION IN THE LEE CATCHMENT
	Zaragoza Declaration: Expert Meeting on Flood Forecasting in the Mediterranean Basin